Child Development Story Archives - West Virginia Public Broadcasting

Parents Face A Digital Balancing Act

Digital devices and social media command more and more of our attention these days. Balancing this and creating healthy boundaries for increasingly younger children is becoming a bigger part of being a parent.

The COVID-19 pandemic changed the role of devices in childrens’ lives. According to a 2022 survey of parents conducted by the Pew Research Center, device use increased for all children between 2020 and 2021. One of the largest increases was in children that were under five in March 2020. Their use of tablets jumped from 51 percent in 2020 to 69 percent in 2021, an 18 percent increase.

Melissa Sherfinski, associate professor of early childhood and elementary education at West Virginia University, said the American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend any screen time for children under two.

“After that point between ages two to five, about one hour of high quality, screen time, like educational shows,” Sherfinski said. “Then once kids are older, then there is more flexibility. But they also recommend for families to really think through a good plan for making some rules and even rituals related to screen time and the home.”

There are exceptions, such as to build relationships and keep contact with distant relatives.

“Unless it’s maybe through a FaceTime or Zoom, you know, talking to if grandma and grandpa are far away, or aunties and uncles are far away, and they’re getting that actual face to face and language content,” Sherfinski said.

According to Sherfinski, concerns around childrens’ screen time has existed about as long as screens of any kind. She said earlier studies on time in front of the television showed that TV was on six hours a day in many homes, one study showing that 39 percent of families with infants and young children had a television on constantly. She also pointed to a more recent study from Singapore that showed that passive screen time early in childrens’ lives correlates to attention issues in elementary school.

The concern around screen time is not limited to childrens’ direct usage either. In a survey of families around screen time conducted by Pew and released in March, nearly half of teens say their parents are at least sometimes distracted by their phone when the teens are trying to talk to them. The younger the child, the greater the impact of that distraction.

“What happens then with the dynamic is, that takes away from the parent’s ability to engage with the child, to sing to the child, to talk with a child et cetera, all those things that are so important for children’s language development, children’s cognitive development,” Sherfinski said. “That’s some of what some of those earlier studies found: that too much screen time, or even just background screen time with those really young children under two, can be problematic for their development.”

For young children, the consensus seems to be clear: less screen time is better in favor of face-to-face human interaction. Things start to get a little murkier when it comes to screen time for parents and older kids, however.

Elizabeth Cohen, associate professor of communication studies at WVU, pointed out that internet-enabled devices, as well as social media, are simply a continuation of long-established social exchange.

“The way that I look at social media is, it’s really an extension of other types of social elements in our life,” she said. “A lot of people like to think of social media as, ‘Oh, well, social media came in and changed the way that we do things.’ And I tend to see social media as more of an extension of things we were already doing. These are tools that we designed as humans to connect with other humans.”

Cohen said there’s no denying that people, in particular adolescents, experience anxiety and even feelings of not being in control around social media. Much of that seems to arise from what Cohen calls social comparison behaviors. That can be adults comparing their parenting styles to others, or teens and children comparing themselves to their peers.

“This is not limited to social media, but I do think you have 24/7 access to people to compare yourself to now,” Cohen said. “Social comparison is just that natural human tendency of us to figure out how we are doing by comparing ourselves to other people in society. There’s upward social comparisons, which is kind of aspirational. But there’s also a downward social comparison, that, ‘I’m glad I’m not that one,’ or, ‘I seem to be much better off than this person over here.’”

But she is less convinced about the direct impact of social media on these issues. Psychological studies of the impact of social media are very much still in their infancy and are confounded by many of life’s variables that make it difficult to pin specific issues directly to social media use.

“It’s really impossible to understand all the different factors going on,” Cohen said. “A lot of studies will use interesting control variables and stuff, but the reason I said I’m continuing to be very skeptical, because there’s so much stuff going on at the same time that people are immersing themselves in social media.”

The good news for many is that screen time and interaction with social media is something that – barring work and school requirements – is largely up to each individual’s control. But Cohen points out that a lot of the difficulty for parents can stem from setting limitations on something they struggle to regulate for themselves.

“It’s how you use them. It’s not like there’s inherent evil in the technology,” Cohen said. “We design the technologies, and we decide how to use them. These are things that parents really have to wrestle with, because they’re in the driver’s seat. You have to make decisions about screen time and stuff like that, but that’s hard when adults also have a hard time setting limits.”

She said a big part of the uncertainty surrounding social media in particular is because it is so new to have the internet, and therefore so much information, available with such immediacy.

“I think we’re at a point of figuring things out,” Cohen said. “I think some of this might even come down to etiquette one day, where there’s just going to be certain norms that we start to develop about what’s appropriate, and what we consider healthy.”

Sherfinski echoes Cohen that if used correctly, social media and devices can be used to enrich children of all ages and strengthen familial bonds. She recalls the story of a friend who lived away from her granddaughter, but was able to research bees and pollination with her over the internet.

“I’m thinking of, you know, all of the grandparents who have so many, you know, wonderful things to share,” Sherfinski said. “If we threw away social media and access to screen time and all of that, that wouldn’t necessarily be a perfect thing either.”

A lot remains to be learned about the role of digital devices and social media in child development but for now limited, intentional use seems to be the best approach for all family members.

Facing West Virginia’s Child Care Cliff

On a national level, the end of pandemic-era benefits will affect child care costs and access. West Virginia hopes to avoid those shortfalls by relying on individual child care subsidies that date back to the 1960s.

The end of pandemic-era benefits will affect child care costs and access on a national level. West Virginia hopes to avoid those shortfalls by relying on individual child care subsidies that date back to the 1960s.

Sept. 30 marked the official end of federal pandemic-related stabilization money aimed at bolstering child care services in the U.S. Meaning, states had to have spent their allotted funds by that date.

In 2021, $40 billion in funding went to child care centers across the nation from the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA).

According to the Administration for Children and Families, in West Virginia, 645 child care centers and 925 child care family homes received stabilization payments totaling more than $160 million.

The child care centers used the funds to pay for personnel costs and keep programs staffed. In some cases, child care centers used the funds to keep prices lower for parents struggling to pay for child care. Child care family homes mostly used the money to pay for personal protective equipment to ensure safe environments for children and staff.

Of that $160 million total, $101 million in ARPA funding was allocated to DHHR’s child care subsidy program in order to increase reimbursement rates.

Kent Nowviskie, deputy commissioner for Programs and Policy at the Bureau for Family Assistance at the DHHR, said the funding allowed child care providers to be paid on the basis of enrollment in their programs rather than daily attendance.

“We switched to doing something that providers had been asking for for a long time, which was to pay them a monthly rate for each child enrolled in their setting instead of a daily rate that they had to calculate based on the attendance of the child,” Nowviskie said.

While the 2021 ARPA stabilization funds were a source of additional funding, West Virginia has had access to child care subsidies since the Appalachian Regional Development Act.

“We here at the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, or even before it was the Department of Health and Human Resources, we’ve been doing that since 1969,” Nowviskie said. “That is an ongoing thing, it is not going away, those child care subsidies are not going away.”

Nowviskie said it is important to understand that in the child care industry, subsidies refer to the payments that are made to providers for services provided to specific children.

“So it’s an individual payment per child who’s being served in a child care setting,” he said.

Nowviskie said some ARPA funds had dedicated purposes, or places they had to be spent. One of these designations was subsidy payments, so the state increased the rates it paid for each child.

The DHHR also expanded eligibility to everyone regardless of income who met the definition of essential worker, as outlined in the governor’s March 2020 executive order.

Julie Kashen is the director of women’s economic justice and a senior fellow at The Century Foundation, a progressive think tank in Washington D.C. She said the federal grant structure allowed families of more diverse incomes to qualify nationally.

“One of the differences between the stabilization grants and the supplemental grants is that the stabilization grants were able to reach a wider variety of families because they didn’t have that same income restriction,” Kashen said. “There was much more of a combination of the poorest families, lower income families, middle class families, were able to benefit from that.”

Nowviskie said the DHHR has taken steps to mitigate the loss of ARPA funds but in October 2022, the DHHR restored income eligibility requirements for child care subsidies.

“When we saw that those monies were dwindling, we circled the wagons here to try to figure out what we could do to stretch those out as long as we could,” Nowviskie said. “And we put an income limit back on.”

When this ARPA funding allocated for subsidy assistance was exhausted in May 2023, the DHHR set aside $24 million of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) funding to allow providers to continue being paid by enrollment for services rendered through August 2024.

“So until September of next year, services provided through August of next year, then we’ll be able to keep the pay by enrollment going as well as those increased rates,” Nowviskie said.

Nowviskie and other experts agree a long term solution would be the best case scenario.

“We don’t anticipate readjusting rates downward,” Nowviskie said. “But absent an influx of additional funding, we may have to go back to a pay by attendance model, which is not ideal. Child care providers nationally are advocating and trying to move toward the pay by enrollment model. In fact, I think Congress is looking at the issue. So we hope they have some additional funding that will come along with that.”

Bill Franko is an associate professor of political science and director of graduate studies at the WVU Eberly College of Arts and Sciences. He worries that child care settings will struggle to pay their staff at the same rate they have since 2021.

“What’s going to happen is the centers are not going to have the money to pay living wages to the child center workers,” Franko said. “You’re gonna have fewer people who are going to want to enter that industry or stay in that industry. It’s going to be much more temporary, like it was prior to the 2021 influx of the child care stabilization funds.”

Appalachia Health News is a project of West Virginia Public Broadcasting with support from Charleston Area Medical Center and Marshall Health.

Two Head Start Programs Receive Federal Funding

West Virginia’s Head Start programs in Beckley and Oak Hill will receive $3.3 million in federal funding.

United States Senators Joe Manchin and Shelley Moore Capito made the announcement Monday.

The funding comes from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families.

Manchin and Capito say the state’s Head Start programs are vital to help mold the minds of young West Virginians as well as provide a strong foundation to succeed.

$2 million will go to the Fayette County Child Development Center, and the other $1 million will be given to the Raleigh County Community Action Association, Inc.

West Virginia Head Start was founded in 1985 to help promote child development and care for low-income families. The program serves more than 8,000 children and families in the Mountain State.